Clarifiers / Metal Reactor Unit (MRU)

Physical-Chemical Treatment (PCT) Systems
Industrial wastewater contains pollutants which often cannot be removed efficiently by microorganisms used by most municipal biological plants. Therefore, a pre-treatment system consisting of physical and chemical separation of the pollutants is required. A Phys-Chem

A physical process usually treats suspended, rather than dissolved pollutants, while a chemical process enables the separation of dissolved pollutants that are later removed physically.

A chemical treatment processes, in an industrial setting, would be

• pH adjustment I order to aid in the precipitation of metal, for example.
• Coagulation with metal salts involves the addition and rapid mixing of a pre-determined, appropriate concentration of alum, iron, lime or other salts
• Flocculation with polymer would cause the fine coagulated particulates clump together into floc. The floc may then float to the top of the liquid, settle to the bottom of the liquid, or can be readily filtered from the liquid.
• Oxidation is the process of converting highly toxic substances such as cyanides used in mining and metal finishing industries into harmless carbon dioxide and nitrogen by Oxidizing them with chlorine.
• Destroying organic chemicals by oxidizing them using Ozone or Hydrogen Peroxide, either alone or in combination with catalysts such as Ultraviolet light

Filtration through a medium such as sand, bag filter or activated carbon as a final treatment stage can result in a very clear water. Ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, and reverse osmosis are processes which force water through membranes and can remove colloidal material (very fine, electrically charged particles, which will not settle) and even some dissolved matter. Absorption (adsorption, technically) on activated charcoal is a physical process which can remove dissolved chemicals. Air or steam stripping can be used to remove pollutants that are gasses or low-boiling liquids from water, and the vapors which are removed in this way are also often passed through beds of activated charcoal to prevent air pollution. These last processes are used mostly in industrial treatment plants, though activated charcoal is common in municipal plants, as well, for odor control.

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